Vitamins and minerals are essential micronutrients that play a critical role in animal health, growth, and overall well-being. While present in natural feed ingredients, their levels may not always be sufficient to meet the specific requirements of different animal species and life stages. Strategic supplementation with vitamins and minerals ensures animals receive the balanced diet they need to thrive. Vitamins act as catalysts in various metabolic processes, influencing energy production, immune function, and reproductive health. Minerals, on the other hand, are crucial for bone development, muscle function, enzyme activity, and overall physiological balance. A deficiency in any essential vitamin or mineral can lead to a range of health problems.

Protein and energy sources are the cornerstones of a balanced and effective animal feed formulation. Proteins are essential for growth, development, and tissue repair in animals. They provide the building blocks for muscle, organs, enzymes, and hormones. Different protein sources offer varying amino acid profiles, and selecting the right combination is crucial for optimal animal performance. Energy sources, on the other hand, provide the fuel animals need for vital bodily functions, activity, and production. These can come from carbohydrates and fats, each offering distinct advantages and influencing factors like feed efficiency and energy availability.

Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of protein, the cornerstone of animal growth, development, and overall health. These organic molecules link together in variouscombinations to form a vast array of proteins, each with unique functions within the animal body.Animals can synthesize some amino acids on their own, but others, known as essential amino acids, must be obtained through their diet. An adequate supply of all essential amino acids is crucial for optimal growth, reproduction, immune function, and overall well-being. Deficiencies in essential amino acids can lead to a range of health problems, impacting productivity.